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Nanopore sequencing, thought of in the eighties, further developed along the years51 and first commercialized by ONT in 201452, is completely different from all the sequencing technologies previously mentioned. Where all the other ones are based on synthesizing a complementary DNA strand and detecting specific dNTP incorporation in some way or another, there is no synthesis in nanopore sequencing. The principle relies on feeding a single strand of a DNA template through a small hole in a membrane, a nanopore, at a controlled speed. As the nucleotides go through the nanopore, an electric current is formed between both sides of the membrane. This current can be measured and is specific to the succession of 5 to 6 nucleotides inside the nanopore channel at any given time. By looking at the evolution of the electric current as the DNA strand goes through the nanopore, we can deduce the sequence of nucleotides through a process called base calling. Base calling is usually done with machine learning methods, mainly artificial neural networks53. In the flow cells used in ONT sequencers, there are hundreds of thousands of nanopores, spread out over a synthetic membrane, allowing for massively parallel sequencing as well. Theoretically, since this method is not based on synthesis, the upper limit for read length is only limited by the length of the template, and in practice ONT sequencing produces the longest reads.
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Materialized views are one of the most powerful features in ClickHouse. They allow users to precompute transformations and aggregations at insert time, shifting work from query time to ingest time. This is commonly used to accelerate specific query patterns, reorient data under a different primary key, or feed downstream summary tables.，详情可参考官网
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